# Calculating the checksum digit with the Luhn-algorithm

I'm doing some exercises in Python and this one is about using the Luhn-algorithm to calculate the checksum digit in Swedish personal identification numbers.

The description is the same as this question:

Given a string of 9 digits, abcdefghi compute:

array = [a*2, b, c*2, d, e*2, f, g*2, h, i*2]


Then you compute the sum of the digits in this array, so for example if a*2 is 16, then that part counts as 1 + 6

Then the result is how much more you have to add to make it evenly divisible by 10. For example, if sum == 54 then the result is 6 as 60 - 54 = 6.

def control_numb(nbr_string):
cut_string = nbr_string[:9]  ## We need 9 numbers to calculate the 10th
mult_numb = [2,1]            ## we should alternate multiplying 2 and 1 starting with 2
i = 0                        ## holds the index of which mult_numt to use. starting with index 0

sum_of_digits = 0
for s in cut_string:         ## loop through the string of digits
for d in str(int(s) * mult_numb[i]):  ## use s as int to do the multiplication. then turn back to str to loop through digit
sum_of_digits += int(d)
i = (i+1)%2

return (10 - sum_of_digits % 10) % 10


I'm pretty new to Python and would very much like feedback, if there are any pythonic way to do things please spread the knowledge. Or just tear the code apart completely. Any comments are welcome!

• Variable names could be improved a little bit. For example, I think nbr_string could be better as swedish_id
• itertools.cycle is useful to iterate multiple times over the same sequence (in this case, the multiplication factors)
• Use list comprehensions where possible instead of for loops

Things that might be different from the question's code:

• I'm assuming the initial string has 9 digits, but if it has already 10, then go with your code to keep only the first 9 numbers, but note that you can use some assertions to be sure the data passed is correct.
• I've calculated partial sums to apply the algorithm as in the explanation, but doing the sums as in the question should be fine.

from itertools import cycle

def control_number(swedish_id):
"""Calculate control number in Swedish personal IDs

:param swedish_id: A Swedish personal ID
:type swedish_id: str

"""
assert swedish_id.isdigit()
assert len(swedish_id) == 9

# Multiplication factors for each digit depending on its position
mult_factors = cycle([2, 1])

def partial_sum(number, mult_factor):
"""Calculate partial sum ofr a single digit."""
quotient, remainder = divmod(number * mult_factor, 10)
return quotient + remainder

final_sum = sum(
partial_sum(int(character), mult_factor)
for character, mult_factor in zip(swedish_id, mult_factors))

# Calculate control number based on partial sums
control_number = -final_sum % 10

return control_number


I hope this helps.

• As a quick review to the review : you don't actually need to built the partial_sums list as you could just write generator expression and use sum : final_sum = sum(partial_sum(number, mult_factor) for number, mult_factor in zip(numbers, mult_factors)). In the same kind of idea, the numbers list is not required (you can call the int function as you use it). Also, you could use divmod in your partial_sum function : q, r = divmod(n*m, 10); return q+r. – SylvainD Jul 24 '14 at 13:08
• @Josay Thanks for your feedback. I've updated the response following your advice and now it looks definitely better. In particular, divmod fits really good. – jcollado Jul 24 '14 at 13:29
• Thank you very much for the answer. It's very contructiv. :) A comment on control_number = 10 - (final_sum % 10). If final_sum % 10 = 0 then the the function returns 10. It should only return a single digit which in that case would be 0. – Tejpbit Jul 24 '14 at 15:10
• Aren't the following values equal : (10 - (final_sum % 10)) % 10 ; (- (final_sum % 10)) % 10 ; (-final_sum % 10) % 10 ; -final_sum % 10 ? – SylvainD Jul 24 '14 at 15:36
• @AndréSamuelsson That's true for python, but not true for many other programming languages; so if you do use that, add a comment explaining what it does. – Joe Jul 24 '14 at 18:07

## Interface design

Avoid arbitrarily shortening names of functions — it makes it hard to call them properly. (You chose "numb"; others might have chosen "num" or "nbr" — which you actually did in the parameter name.)

Since the function accepts a string, it should also return a string. That would make it convenient to for the caller to concatenate the result after the original non-checksummed version.

## ID number formats

According to Wikipedia, Swedish Personal Identification numbers may have a + or - sign after the birthdate. You should ignore it gracefully.

Also, the numbers may sometimes be written with a four-digit year. However, the checksum digits would still be based on the version with a two-digit year. I suggest normalizing the input using a regular expression.

## Suggested implementation

from itertools import cycle
import re

def control_number(nbr_string):
def sum_digits((digit, multiplier)):
sum = int(digit) * multiplier
return sum if sum < 10 else sum - 9
# Keep just the relevant digits
nbr_string = re.sub(r'\d{2}?(\d{6})[+-]?(\d{3})\$', r'\1\2', nbr_string)

total = sum(map(sum_digits, zip(nbr_string, cycle([2, 1]))))
return str(10 - total % 10)
`