Python - Tkinter - periodic table of chemical elements

Question

Inspired by a question on StackOverflow I decided to code a GUI that is simple, efficent and can be used in other projects as well. I wanted to share this code since it probably is usefull to other people as well. You may want to share some practical hints how to make this code even better.

The code produces a table of frames and shows the information, I did gather for about 5 hours from wikipedia, in the final output. The frames are made clickable to make the usecase wider then without. I hope you enjoy this bit of code.

Database:

symbols = ['H','He','Li','Be','B','C','N','O','F','Ne',
           'Na','Mg','Al','Si','P','S','Cl','Ar','K', 'Ca',
           'Sc', 'Ti', 'V','Cr', 'Mn', 'Fe', 'Co', 'Ni',
           'Cu', 'Zn', 'Ga', 'Ge', 'As', 'Se', 'Br', 'Kr',
           'Rb', 'Sr', 'Y', 'Zr', 'Nb', 'Mo', 'Tc', 'Ru',
           'Rh', 'Pd', 'Ag', 'Cd', 'In', 'Sn', 'Sb', 'Te',
           'I', 'Xe','Cs', 'Ba','La', 'Ce', 'Pr', 'Nd', 'Pm',
           'Sm', 'Eu', 'Gd', 'Tb', 'Dy', 'Ho', 'Er', 'Tm',
           'Yb', 'Lu', 'Hf', 'Ta', 'W', 'Re', 'Os', 'Ir',
           'Pt', 'Au', 'Hg', 'Tl', 'Pb', 'Bi', 'Po', 'At', 'Rn',
           'Fr', 'Ra', 'Ac', 'Th', 'Pa', 'U', 'Np', 'Pu', 'Am',
           'Cm', 'Bk', 'Cf', 'Es', 'Fm', 'Md', 'No', 'Lr',
           'Rf', 'Db', 'Sg', 'Bh','Hs', 'Mt', 'Ds', 'Rg', 'Cn',
           'Nh', 'Fl', 'Mc', 'Lv', 'Ts', 'Og']
keywords =['name','index','elementkategorie','gruppe','periode','block',
           'atommasse','aggregatzustand','dichte','elektronegativität']

values = [['Wasserstoff',1,'Nichtmetalle',1,1,'s',1.01,'gasförmig',0.08,2.2],#H
          ['Helium',2,'Edelgase',18,1,'s',4.00,'gasförmig',0.18,'n.A'],#He
          ['Lithium',3,'Alkalimetalle',1,2,'s',6.94,'fest',0.53,0.98],#Li
          ['Beryllium',4,'Erdalkalimetalle',2,2,'s',9.01,'fest',1.84,1.57],#Be
          ['Bor',5,'Halbmetalle',13,2,'p',10.81,'fest',2.46,2.04],#B
          ['Kohlenstoff',6,'Nichtmetalle',14,2,'p',12.01,'fest',2.26,2.55],#C
          ['Stickstoff',7,'Nichtmetalle',15,2,'p',14.00,'gasförmig',1.17,3.04],#N
          ['Sauerstoff',8,'Nichtmetalle',16,2,'p',15.99,'gasförmig',1.43,3.44],#O
          ['Fluor',9,'Halogene',17,2,'p',18.99,'gasförmig',1.70,3.98],#F
          ['Neon',10,'Edelgase',18,2,'p',20.17,'gasförmig',0.90,'n.A'],#Ne
      
          ['Natrium',11,'Alkalimetalle',1,3,'s',22.99,'fest',0.97,0.93],#Na
          ['Magnesium',12,'Erdalkalimetalle',2,3,'s',24.31,'fest',1.74,1.31],#Mg
          ['Aluminium',13,'Metalle',13,3,'p',26.98,'fest',2.69,1.61],#Al
          ['Silicium',14,'Halbmetalle',14,3,'p',28.08,'fest',2.34,1.90],#Si
          ['Phosphor',15,'Nichtmetalle',15,3,'p',30.97,'fest',2.4,2.19],#P
          ['Schwefel',16,'Nichtmetalle',16,3,'p',32.06,'fest',2.07,2.58],#S
          ['Chlor',17,'Halogene',17,3,'p',35.45,'gasförmig',3.22,3.16],#Cl
          ['Argon',18,'Edelgase',18,3,'p',39.95,'gasförmig',1.78,'n.A'],#Ar
          ['Kalium',19,'Alkalimetalle',1,4,'s',39.09,'fest',0.86,0.82],#K
          ['Calicium',20,'Erdalkalimetalle',2,4,'s',40.08,'fest',1.55,1.00],#Ca
         
          ['Scandium',21,'Übergangsmetalle',3,4,'d',44.96,'fest',2.99,1.36],#Sc
          ['Titan',22,'Übergangsmetalle',4,4,'d',47.87,'fest',4.5,1.54],#Ti
          ['Vandium',23,'Übergangsmetalle',5,4,'d',50.94,'fest',6.11,1.63],#V
          ['Chrom',24,'Übergangsmetalle',6,4,'d',51.99,'fest',7.14,1.66],#Cr
          ['Mangan',25,'Übergangsmetalle',7,4,'d',54.94,'fest',7.43,1.55],#Mn
          ['Eisen',26,'Übergangsmetalle',8,4,'d',55.85,'fest',7.87,1.83],#Fe
          ['Cobalt',27,'Übergangsmetalle',9,4,'d',58.93,'fest',8.90,1.88],#Co
          ['Nickel',28,'Übergangsmetalle',10,4,'d',58.69,'fest',8.90,1.91],#Ni
       
          ['Kupfer',29,'Übergangsmetalle',11,4,'d',63.54,'fest',8.92,1.90],#Cu
          ['Zink',30,'Übergangsmetalle',12,4,'d',65.38,'fest',7.14,1.65],#Zn
          ['Gallium',31,'Metalle',13,4,'p',69.72,'fest',5.90,1.81],#Ga
          ['Germanium',32,'Halbmetalle',14,4,'p',72.63,'fest',5.32,2.01],#Ge
          ['Arsen',33,'Halbmetalle',15,4,'p',74.92,'fest',5.73,2.18],#As
          ['Selen',34,'Halbmetalle',16,4,'p',78.97,'fest',4.82,2.55],#Se
          ['Brom',35,'Halogene',17,4,'p',79.90,'flüssig',3.12,2.96],#Br
          ['Krypton',36,'Edelgase',18,4,'p',83.80,'gasförmig',3.75,3.00],#Kr
         
          ['Rubidium',37,'Alkalimetalle',1,5,'s',85.47,'fest',1.53,0.82],#Rb
          ['Strontium',38,'Erdalkalimetalle',2,5,'s',87.62,'fest',2.63,0.95],#Sr
          ['Yttrium',39,'Übergangsmetalle',3,5,'d',88.91,'fest',4.47,1.22],#Y
          ['Zirconium',40,'Übergangsmetalle',4,5,'d',91.22,'fest',6.50,1.33],#Zr
          ['Niob',41,'Übergangsmetalle',5,5,'d',92.90,'fest',8.57,1.6],#Nb
          ['Molybdän',42,'Übergangsmetalle',6,5,'d',95.95,'fest',10.28,2.16],#Mo
          ['Technetium',43,'Übergangsmetalle',7,5,'d',98.90,'fest',11.5,1.9],#Tc
          ['Ruthenium',44,'Übergangsmetalle',8,5,'d',101.07,'fest',12.37,2.2],#Ru
         
          ['Rhodium',45,'Übergangsmetalle',9,5,'d',102.90,'fest',12.38,2.28],#Rh
          ['Palladium',46,'Übergangsmetalle',10,5,'d',106.42,'fest',11.99,2.20],#Pd
          ['Silber',47,'Übergangsmetalle',11,5,'d',107.87,'fest',10.49,1.93],#Ag
          ['cadmium',48,'Übergangsmetalle',12,5,'d',112.41,'fest',8.65,1.69],#Cd
          ['Indium',49,'Metalle',13,5,'p',114.82,'fest',7.31,1.78],#In
          ['Zinn',50,'Metalle',14,5,'p',118.71,'fest',5.77,1.96],#Sn
          ['Antimon',51,'Halbmetalle',15,5,'p',121.76,'fest',6.70,2.05],#Sb
          ['Tellur',52,'Halbmetalle',16,5,'p',127.60,'fest',6.24,2.10],#Te
      
          ['Iod',53,'Halogene',17,5,'p',126.90,'fest',4.94,2.66],#I
          ['Xenon',54,'Edelgase',18,5,'p',131.29,'gasförmig',5.90,2.6],#Xe
          ['Caesium',55,'Alkalimetalle',1,6,'s',132.91,'fest',1.90,0.79],#Cs
          ['Barium',56,'Erdalkalimetalle',2,6,'s',137.33,'fest',3.62,0.89],#Ba
          ['Lanthan',57,'Übergangsmetalle',3,6,'d',138.90,'fest',6.17,1.1],#La
          ['Cer',58,'Lanthanoide','La',6,'f',140.12,'fest',6.77,1.12],#Ce
          ['Praseodym',59,'Lanthanoide','La',6,'f',140.91,'fest',6.48,1.13],#Pr
          ['Neodym',60,'Lanthanoide','La',6,'f',144.24,'fest',7.00,1.14],#Nd
          ['Promethium',61,'Lanthanoide','La',6,'f',146.91,'fest',7.2,'n.A.'],#Pm
       
          ['Samarium',62,'Lanthanoide','La',6,'f',150.36,'fest',7.54,1.17],#Sm
          ['Europium',63,'Lanthanoide','La',6,'f',151.96,'fest',5.25,'n.A'],#Eu
          ['Gadolinium',64,'Lanthanoide','La',6,'f',157.25,'fest',7.89,1.20],#Gd
          ['Terbium',65,'Lanthanoide','La',6,'f',158.93,'fest',8.25,'n.A'],#Tb
          ['Dysprosium',66,'Lanthanoide','La',6,'f',162.50,'fest',8.56,1.22],#Dy
          ['Holmium',67,'Lanthanoide','La',6,'f',164.93,'fest',8.78,1.23],#Ho
          ['Erbium',68,'Lanthanoide','La',6,'f',167.26,'fest',9.05,1.24],#Er
          ['Thulium',69,'Lanthanoide','La',6,'f',168.93,'fest',9.32,1.25],#Tm
         
          ['Ytterbium',70,'Lanthanoide','La',6,'f',173.05,'fest',6.97,'n.A'],#Yb
          ['Lutetium',71,'Lanthanoide','La',6,'f',174.97,'fest',9.84,1.27],#Lu
          ['Hafnium',72,'Übergangsmetalle',4,6,'d',178.49,'fest',13.28,1.3],#Hf
          ['Tantal',73,'Übergangsmetalle',5,6,'d',180.95,'fest',16.65,1.5],#Ta
          ['Wolfram',74,'Übergangsmetalle',6,6,'d',183.84,'fest',19.25,2.36],#W
          ['Rhenium',75,'Übergangsmetalle',7,6,'d',186.21,'fest',21.00,1.9],#Re
          ['Osmium',76,'Übergangsmetalle',8,6,'d',190.23,'fest',22.59,2.2],#Os
          ['Irdium',77,'Übergangsmetalle',9,6,'d',192.22,'fest',22.56,2.2],#Ir

          ['Platin',78,'Übergangsmetalle',10,6,'d',195.08,'fest',21.45,2.2],#Pt
          ['Gold',79,'Übergangsmetalle',11,6,'d',196.97,'fest',19.32,2.54],#Au
          ['Quecksilber',80,'Übergangsmetalle',12,6,'d',200.59,'flüssig',13.55,2.00],#Hg
          ['Thalium',81,'Metalle',13,6,'p',204.38,'fest',11.85,1.62],#Tl
          ['Blei',82,'Metalle',14,6,'p',207.20,'fest',11.34,2.33],#Pb
          ['Bismut',83,'Metalle',15,6,'p',208.98,'fest',9.78,2.02],#Bi
          ['Polonium',84,'Metalle',16,6,'p',209.98,'fest',9.20,2.0],#Po
          ['Astat',85,'Halogene',17,6,'p',209.99,'fest','n.A',2.2],#At
          ['Radon',86,'Edelgase',18,6,'p',222.00,'gasförmig',9.73,'n.A'],#Rn

          ['Francium',87,'Alkalimetalle',1,7,'s',223.02,'fest','n.A',0.7],#Fr
          ['Radium',88,'Erdalkalimetalle',2,7,'s',226.03,'fest',5.5,0.9],#Ra
          ['Actinium',89,'Übergangsmetalle',3,7,'d',227.03,'fest',10.07,1.1],#Ac
          ['Thorium',90,'Actinoide','Ac',7,'f',232.04,'fest',11.72,1.3],#Th
          ['Protactinium',91,'Actinoide','Ac',7,'f',231.04,'fest',15.37,1.5],#Pa
          ['Uran',92,'Actinoide','Ac',7,'f',238.03,'fest',19.16,1.38],#U
          ['Neptunium',93,'Actinoide','Ac',7,'f',237.05,'fest',20.45,1.36],#Np
          ['Plutonium',94,'Actinoide','Ac',7,'f',244.06,'fest',19.82,1.28],#Pu
          ['Americium',95,'Actinoide','Ac',7,'f',243.06,'fest',13.67,1.3],#Am
          
          ['Curium',96,'Actinoide','Ac',7,'f',247.07,'fest',13.51,1.3],#Cm
          ['Berkelium',97,'Actinoide','Ac',7,'f',247,'fest',14.78,1.3],#Bk
          ['Californium',98,'Actinoide','Ac',7,'f',251,'fest',15.1,1.3],#Cf
          ['Einsteinium',99,'Actinoide','Ac',7,'f',252,'fest',8.84,'n.A'],#Es
          ['Fermium',100,'Actinoide','Ac',7,'f',257.10,'fest','n.A','n.A'],#Fm
          ['Medelevium',101,'Actinoide','Ac',7,'f',258,'fest','n.A','n.A'],#Md
          ['Nobelium',102,'Actinoide','Ac',7,'f',259,'fest','n.A.','n.A'],#No
          ['Lawrencium',103,'Actinoide','Ac',7,'f',266,'fest','n.A','n.A'],#Lr
          
          ['Rutherdordium',104,'Übergangsmetalle',4,7,'d',261.11,'fest',17.00,'n.A'],#Rf
          ['Dubnium',105,'Übergangsmetalle',5,7,'d',262.11,'n.A','n.A','n.A'],#Db
          ['Seaborgium',106,'Übergangsmetalle',6,7,'d',263.12,'n.A','n.A','n.A'],#Sg
          ['Bohrium',107,'Übergangsmetalle',7,7,'d',262.12,'n.A','n.A','n.A'],#Bh
          ['Hassium',108,'Übergangsmetalle',8,7,'d',265,'n.A','n.A','n.A'],#Hs
          ['Meitnerium',109,'Unbekannt',9,7,'d',268,'n.A','n.A','n.A'],#Mt
          ['Darmstadtium',110,'Unbekannt',10,7,'d',281,'n.A','n.A','n.A'],#Ds
          ['Roentgenium',111,'Unbekannt',11,7,'d',280,'n.A','n.A','n.A'],#Rg
          ['Copernicium',112,'Unbekannt',12,7,'d',277,'n.A','n.A','n.A'],#Cn

          ['Nihonium',113,'Unbekannt',13,7,'p',287,'n.A','n.A','n.A'],#Nh
          ['Flerovium',114,'Unbekannt',14,7,'p',289,'n.A','n.A','n.A'],#Fl
          ['Moscovium',115,'Unbekannt',15,7,'p',288,'n.A','n.A','n.A'],#Mc
          ['Livermorium',116,'Unbekannt',16,7,'p',293,'n.A','n.A','n.A'],#Lv
          ['Tenness',117,'Unbekannt',17,7,'p',292,'n.A','n.A','n.A'],#Ts
          ['Oganesson',118,'Unbekannt',18,7,'p',294,'fest',6.6,'n.A']#Og
          ]
kategorie_farben = {'Alkalimetalle' : '#fe6f61',
                    'Erdalkalimetalle':'#6791a7',
                    'Übergangsmetalle':'#83b8d0',
                    'Metalle':'#cae2ed',
                    'Halbmetalle':'#a7d6bc',
                    'Nichtmetalle':'#ffde66',
                    'Halogene':'#e9aa63',
                    'Edelgase':'#e29136',
                    'Unbekannt':'#cec0bf',
                    'Lanthanoide':'#696071',
                    'Actinoide':'#5b4c68'}

Code:

import tkinter as tk
root = tk.Tk()

class Element(tk.Frame):
    la_offset = 2;ac_offset=2;offset=2
    def __init__(self,master,symbol,**kwargs):
        tk.Frame.__init__(self,master,
                          relief = 'raised')
        self.kwargs = kwargs
        self.command= kwargs.pop('command', lambda:print('No command'))
        self.WIDTH,self.HEIGHT,self.BD = 100,100,3
        self.CMP = self.BD*2
        bg = kategorie_farben.get(kwargs.get('elementkategorie'))
        self.configure(width=self.WIDTH,height=self.HEIGHT,bd=self.BD,
                       bg=bg)
        self.grid_propagate(0)
        self.idx = tk.Label(self,text=kwargs.get('index'),bg=bg)
        self.u = tk.Label(self,text=kwargs.get('atommasse'),bg=bg)

        self.name = tk.Label(self,text=kwargs.get('name'),bg=bg)
        self.symb = tk.Label(self,text=symbol,font=('bold'),fg=self.get_fg(),bg=bg)
        
        self.e = tk.Label(self,text=kwargs.get('elektronegativität'),bg=bg)
        self.d = tk.Label(self,text=kwargs.get('dichte'),bg=bg)

        self.grid_columnconfigure(1, weight=2)
        self.grid_rowconfigure(1, weight=2)

        self.idx.grid(row=0,column=0,sticky='w')
        self.u.grid(row=0,column=2,sticky='e')
        
        mid_x = self.WIDTH/2-self.name.winfo_reqwidth()/2
        mid_y = self.HEIGHT/2-self.name.winfo_reqheight()/2
        offset= 15
        self.name.place(in_=self,x=mid_x-self.CMP,y=mid_y-self.CMP+offset)
        
        mid_x = self.WIDTH/2-self.symb.winfo_reqwidth()/2
        mid_y = self.HEIGHT/2-self.symb.winfo_reqheight()/2
        self.symb.place(in_=self,x=mid_x-self.CMP,y=mid_y-self.CMP-offset/2)
        
        self.e.grid(row=2,column=0,sticky='w')
        self.d.grid(row=2,column=2,sticky='e')

        r,c = kwargs.pop('periode'),kwargs.pop('gruppe')
        
        if c in ('La','Ac'):
            if c == 'La':
                c =Element.la_offset+Element.offset;Element.la_offset +=1
                r += self.offset
            if c == 'Ac':
                c =Element.ac_offset+Element.offset;Element.ac_offset +=1
                r += Element.offset
        
        self.grid(row=r,column=c,sticky='nswe')
        self.bind('<Enter>', self.in_active)
        self.bind('<Leave>', self.in_active)
        self.bind('<ButtonPress-1>', self.indicate)
        self.bind('<ButtonRelease-1>', self.execute)
        [child.bind('<ButtonPress-1>', self.indicate) for child in self.winfo_children()]
        [child.bind('<ButtonRelease-1>', self.execute) for child in self.winfo_children()]
    def in_active(self,event):
        if str(event.type) == 'Enter': self.flag = True
        if str(event.type) == 'Leave':
            self.flag = False;self.configure(relief='raised')
    def indicate(self,event):
        self.configure(relief='sunken')
    def execute(self,event):
        if self.flag: self.command();self.configure(relief='raised')
        else: self.configure(relief='raised')
    def get_fg(self):
        if self.kwargs.get('aggregatzustand') == 'fest': return 'black'
        if self.kwargs.get('aggregatzustand') == 'flüssig': return 'blue'
        if self.kwargs.get('aggregatzustand') == 'gasförmig': return 'red'
        if self.kwargs.get('aggregatzustand') == 'n.A': return 'grey'
def test():
    print('testing..')
        
for idx,symbol in enumerate(symbols):
    kwargs = {}
    for k,v in zip(keywords,values[idx]):
        kwargs.update({k:v})
    Element(root,symbol,command=test,**kwargs)
root.mainloop()

Answer 1

I hope you enjoy this bit of code.

I did!

Your symbols, keywords and values should have capitalised variable names since they're global constants. However, life would be easier if your symbols were integrated into your values, and keywords prepended with symbol. Even better: none of this actually belongs in your code, and should be cut out to a database file. JSON is easiest but there are others; for instance CSV would be higher-density (but has weaker typing).

You have not enough German in some parts, and too much German in others. Your localised data (e.g. Stickstoff) are fine. Schema (e.g. elementkategorie) and code (e.g. kategorie_farben) should not be localised and should be in English. Your floating-point rendering should use localised formats; in your case it will turn your decimal point into a comma.

Don't write n.A in your database; use None and convert that to a string on render.

Don't store root in the global namespace.

Don't leave **kwargs as a dictionary; instead make a simple @dataclass or named tuple.

Don't over-abbreviate variables like BD which should be BORDER. Likewise, over-abbreviated tk keyword arguments like bg have a full-form background which should be used instead.

Rather than strings like e, prefer constants in tk like tk.E.

Your if c in ('La','Ac'): is redundant and can be deleted.

Your flag, <Enter> and <Leave> aren't doing anything so in my suggested code I deleted them.

Refactor your get_fg to be a dictionary lookup.

Prefer the "has-a" pattern over the "is-a" pattern for your element frame class; in other words, instantiate a frame instead of inheriting one.

Consider adding a (German!) title to your window.

Factor out your creation of a middle-placed label for name and symbol to a function. Better yet: don't call place, and just represent your name and symbol labels as rows within the grid that span the width of the grid and are sticky to both east and west.

Consider resizing your chart to the window by use of a container frame and pack_configure.

You should name all of your widgets. If you don't, a name will be generated for you internally and this will make debugging more difficult.

Your element grid coordinate calculations are non-reentrant and can be performed only once per process run, since your offset variables are stored as statics. You should refactor this; the nicest way is an iterator function that keeps these offsets as locals and throws them away once all elements have been placed.

Rather than binding your mouse events to all children of your element frame, consider just calling a bindtags to pass all events from the child labels to the parent frame.

Typo: it's "rutherfordium".

I thought about calling the according wikipedia site

This is easy via webbrowser.

Suggested

elements.json

[
  {
    "symbol": "H",
    "name": "Wasserstoff",
    "number": 1,
    "category": "Nichtmetalle",
    "group": 1,
    "period": 1,
    "block": "s",
    "mass": 1.01,
    "phase": "gasförmig",
    "density": 0.08,
    "electronegativity": 2.2
  },
  {
    "symbol": "He",
    "name": "Helium",
    "number": 2,
    "category": "Edelgase",
    "group": 18,
    "period": 1,
    "block": "s",
    "mass": 4.0,
    "phase": "gasförmig",
    "density": 0.18,
    "electronegativity": null
  },
  {
    "symbol": "Li",
    "name": "Lithium",
    "number": 3,
    "category": "Alkalimetalle",
    "group": 1,
    "period": 2,
    "block": "s",
    "mass": 6.94,
    "phase": "fest",
    "density": 0.53,
    "electronegativity": 0.98
  },
  {
    "symbol": "Be",
    "name": "Beryllium",
    "number": 4,
    "category": "Erdalkalimetalle",
    "group": 2,
    "period": 2,
    "block": "s",
    "mass": 9.01,
    "phase": "fest",
    "density": 1.84,
    "electronegativity": 1.57
  },
  {
    "symbol": "B",
    "name": "Bor",
    "number": 5,
    "category": "Halbmetalle",
    "group": 13,
    "period": 2,
    "block": "p",
    "mass": 10.81,
    "phase": "fest",
    "density": 2.46,
    "electronegativity": 2.04
  },
  {
    "symbol": "C",
    "name": "Kohlenstoff",
    "number": 6,
    "category": "Nichtmetalle",
    "group": 14,
    "period": 2,
    "block": "p",
    "mass": 12.01,
    "phase": "fest",
    "density": 2.26,
    "electronegativity": 2.55
  },
  {
    "symbol": "N",
    "name": "Stickstoff",
    "number": 7,
    "category": "Nichtmetalle",
    "group": 15,
    "period": 2,
    "block": "p",
    "mass": 14.0,
    "phase": "gasförmig",
    "density": 1.17,
    "electronegativity": 3.04
  },
  {
    "symbol": "O",
    "name": "Sauerstoff",
    "number": 8,
    "category": "Nichtmetalle",
    "group": 16,
    "period": 2,
    "block": "p",
    "mass": 15.99,
    "phase": "gasförmig",
    "density": 1.43,
    "electronegativity": 3.44
  },
  {
    "symbol": "F",
    "name": "Fluor",
    "number": 9,
    "category": "Halogene",
    "group": 17,
    "period": 2,
    "block": "p",
    "mass": 18.99,
    "phase": "gasförmig",
    "density": 1.7,
    "electronegativity": 3.98
  },
  {
    "symbol": "Ne",
    "name": "Neon",
    "number": 10,
    "category": "Edelgase",
    "group": 18,
    "period": 2,
    "block": "p",
    "mass": 20.17,
    "phase": "gasförmig",
    "density": 0.9,
    "electronegativity": null
  },
  {
    "symbol": "Na",
    "name": "Natrium",
    "number": 11,
    "category": "Alkalimetalle",
    "group": 1,
    "period": 3,
    "block": "s",
    "mass": 22.99,
    "phase": "fest",
    "density": 0.97,
    "electronegativity": 0.93
  },
  {
    "symbol": "Mg",
    "name": "Magnesium",
    "number": 12,
    "category": "Erdalkalimetalle",
    "group": 2,
    "period": 3,
    "block": "s",
    "mass": 24.31,
    "phase": "fest",
    "density": 1.74,
    "electronegativity": 1.31
  },
  {
    "symbol": "Al",
    "name": "Aluminium",
    "number": 13,
    "category": "Metalle",
    "group": 13,
    "period": 3,
    "block": "p",
    "mass": 26.98,
    "phase": "fest",
    "density": 2.69,
    "electronegativity": 1.61
  },
  {
    "symbol": "Si",
    "name": "Silicium",
    "number": 14,
    "category": "Halbmetalle",
    "group": 14,
    "period": 3,
    "block": "p",
    "mass": 28.08,
    "phase": "fest",
    "density": 2.34,
    "electronegativity": 1.9
  },
  {
    "symbol": "P",
    "name": "Phosphor",
    "number": 15,
    "category": "Nichtmetalle",
    "group": 15,
    "period": 3,
    "block": "p",
    "mass": 30.97,
    "phase": "fest",
    "density": 2.4,
    "electronegativity": 2.19
  },
  {
    "symbol": "S",
    "name": "Schwefel",
    "number": 16,
    "category": "Nichtmetalle",
    "group": 16,
    "period": 3,
    "block": "p",
    "mass": 32.06,
    "phase": "fest",
    "density": 2.07,
    "electronegativity": 2.58
  },
  {
    "symbol": "Cl",
    "name": "Chlor",
    "number": 17,
    "category": "Halogene",
    "group": 17,
    "period": 3,
    "block": "p",
    "mass": 35.45,
    "phase": "gasförmig",
    "density": 3.22,
    "electronegativity": 3.16
  },
  {
    "symbol": "Ar",
    "name": "Argon",
    "number": 18,
    "category": "Edelgase",
    "group": 18,
    "period": 3,
    "block": "p",
    "mass": 39.95,
    "phase": "gasförmig",
    "density": 1.78,
    "electronegativity": null
  },
  {
    "symbol": "K",
    "name": "Kalium",
    "number": 19,
    "category": "Alkalimetalle",
    "group": 1,
    "period": 4,
    "block": "s",
    "mass": 39.09,
    "phase": "fest",
    "density": 0.86,
    "electronegativity": 0.82
  },
  {
    "symbol": "Ca",
    "name": "Calicium",
    "number": 20,
    "category": "Erdalkalimetalle",
    "group": 2,
    "period": 4,
    "block": "s",
    "mass": 40.08,
    "phase": "fest",
    "density": 1.55,
    "electronegativity": 1.0
  },
  {
    "symbol": "Sc",
    "name": "Scandium",
    "number": 21,
    "category": "Übergangsmetalle",
    "group": 3,
    "period": 4,
    "block": "d",
    "mass": 44.96,
    "phase": "fest",
    "density": 2.99,
    "electronegativity": 1.36
  },
  {
    "symbol": "Ti",
    "name": "Titan",
    "number": 22,
    "category": "Übergangsmetalle",
    "group": 4,
    "period": 4,
    "block": "d",
    "mass": 47.87,
    "phase": "fest",
    "density": 4.5,
    "electronegativity": 1.54
  },
  {
    "symbol": "V",
    "name": "Vandium",
    "number": 23,
    "category": "Übergangsmetalle",
    "group": 5,
    "period": 4,
    "block": "d",
    "mass": 50.94,
    "phase": "fest",
    "density": 6.11,
    "electronegativity": 1.63
  },
  {
    "symbol": "Cr",
    "name": "Chrom",
    "number": 24,
    "category": "Übergangsmetalle",
    "group": 6,
    "period": 4,
    "block": "d",
    "mass": 51.99,
    "phase": "fest",
    "density": 7.14,
    "electronegativity": 1.66
  },
  {
    "symbol": "Mn",
    "name": "Mangan",
    "number": 25,
    "category": "Übergangsmetalle",
    "group": 7,
    "period": 4,
    "block": "d",
    "mass": 54.94,
    "phase": "fest",
    "density": 7.43,
    "electronegativity": 1.55
  },
  {
    "symbol": "Fe",
    "name": "Eisen",
    "number": 26,
    "category": "Übergangsmetalle",
    "group": 8,
    "period": 4,
    "block": "d",
    "mass": 55.85,
    "phase": "fest",
    "density": 7.87,
    "electronegativity": 1.83
  },
  {
    "symbol": "Co",
    "name": "Cobalt",
    "number": 27,
    "category": "Übergangsmetalle",
    "group": 9,
    "period": 4,
    "block": "d",
    "mass": 58.93,
    "phase": "fest",
    "density": 8.9,
    "electronegativity": 1.88
  },
  {
    "symbol": "Ni",
    "name": "Nickel",
    "number": 28,
    "category": "Übergangsmetalle",
    "group": 10,
    "period": 4,
    "block": "d",
    "mass": 58.69,
    "phase": "fest",
    "density": 8.9,
    "electronegativity": 1.91
  },
  {
    "symbol": "Cu",
    "name": "Kupfer",
    "number": 29,
    "category": "Übergangsmetalle",
    "group": 11,
    "period": 4,
    "block": "d",
    "mass": 63.54,
    "phase": "fest",
    "density": 8.92,
    "electronegativity": 1.9
  },
  {
    "symbol": "Zn",
    "name": "Zink",
    "number": 30,
    "category": "Übergangsmetalle",
    "group": 12,
    "period": 4,
    "block": "d",
    "mass": 65.38,
    "phase": "fest",
    "density": 7.14,
    "electronegativity": 1.65
  },
  {
    "symbol": "Ga",
    "name": "Gallium",
    "number": 31,
    "category": "Metalle",
    "group": 13,
    "period": 4,
    "block": "p",
    "mass": 69.72,
    "phase": "fest",
    "density": 5.9,
    "electronegativity": 1.81
  },
  {
    "symbol": "Ge",
    "name": "Germanium",
    "number": 32,
    "category": "Halbmetalle",
    "group": 14,
    "period": 4,
    "block": "p",
    "mass": 72.63,
    "phase": "fest",
    "density": 5.32,
    "electronegativity": 2.01
  },
  {
    "symbol": "As",
    "name": "Arsen",
    "number": 33,
    "category": "Halbmetalle",
    "group": 15,
    "period": 4,
    "block": "p",
    "mass": 74.92,
    "phase": "fest",
    "density": 5.73,
    "electronegativity": 2.18
  },
  {
    "symbol": "Se",
    "name": "Selen",
    "number": 34,
    "category": "Halbmetalle",
    "group": 16,
    "period": 4,
    "block": "p",
    "mass": 78.97,
    "phase": "fest",
    "density": 4.82,
    "electronegativity": 2.55
  },
  {
    "symbol": "Br",
    "name": "Brom",
    "number": 35,
    "category": "Halogene",
    "group": 17,
    "period": 4,
    "block": "p",
    "mass": 79.9,
    "phase": "flüssig",
    "density": 3.12,
    "electronegativity": 2.96
  },
  {
    "symbol": "Kr",
    "name": "Krypton",
    "number": 36,
    "category": "Edelgase",
    "group": 18,
    "period": 4,
    "block": "p",
    "mass": 83.8,
    "phase": "gasförmig",
    "density": 3.75,
    "electronegativity": 3.0
  },
  {
    "symbol": "Rb",
    "name": "Rubidium",
    "number": 37,
    "category": "Alkalimetalle",
    "group": 1,
    "period": 5,
    "block": "s",
    "mass": 85.47,
    "phase": "fest",
    "density": 1.53,
    "electronegativity": 0.82
  },
  {
    "symbol": "Sr",
    "name": "Strontium",
    "number": 38,
    "category": "Erdalkalimetalle",
    "group": 2,
    "period": 5,
    "block": "s",
    "mass": 87.62,
    "phase": "fest",
    "density": 2.63,
    "electronegativity": 0.95
  },
  {
    "symbol": "Y",
    "name": "Yttrium",
    "number": 39,
    "category": "Übergangsmetalle",
    "group": 3,
    "period": 5,
    "block": "d",
    "mass": 88.91,
    "phase": "fest",
    "density": 4.47,
    "electronegativity": 1.22
  },
  {
    "symbol": "Zr",
    "name": "Zirconium",
    "number": 40,
    "category": "Übergangsmetalle",
    "group": 4,
    "period": 5,
    "block": "d",
    "mass": 91.22,
    "phase": "fest",
    "density": 6.5,
    "electronegativity": 1.33
  },
  {
    "symbol": "Nb",
    "name": "Niob",
    "number": 41,
    "category": "Übergangsmetalle",
    "group": 5,
    "period": 5,
    "block": "d",
    "mass": 92.9,
    "phase": "fest",
    "density": 8.57,
    "electronegativity": 1.6
  },
  {
    "symbol": "Mo",
    "name": "Molybdän",
    "number": 42,
    "category": "Übergangsmetalle",
    "group": 6,
    "period": 5,
    "block": "d",
    "mass": 95.95,
    "phase": "fest",
    "density": 10.28,
    "electronegativity": 2.16
  },
  {
    "symbol": "Tc",
    "name": "Technetium",
    "number": 43,
    "category": "Übergangsmetalle",
    "group": 7,
    "period": 5,
    "block": "d",
    "mass": 98.9,
    "phase": "fest",
    "density": 11.5,
    "electronegativity": 1.9
  },
  {
    "symbol": "Ru",
    "name": "Ruthenium",
    "number": 44,
    "category": "Übergangsmetalle",
    "group": 8,
    "period": 5,
    "block": "d",
    "mass": 101.07,
    "phase": "fest",
    "density": 12.37,
    "electronegativity": 2.2
  },
  {
    "symbol": "Rh",
    "name": "Rhodium",
    "number": 45,
    "category": "Übergangsmetalle",
    "group": 9,
    "period": 5,
    "block": "d",
    "mass": 102.9,
    "phase": "fest",
    "density": 12.38,
    "electronegativity": 2.28
  },
  {
    "symbol": "Pd",
    "name": "Palladium",
    "number": 46,
    "category": "Übergangsmetalle",
    "group": 10,
    "period": 5,
    "block": "d",
    "mass": 106.42,
    "phase": "fest",
    "density": 11.99,
    "electronegativity": 2.2
  },
  {
    "symbol": "Ag",
    "name": "Silber",
    "number": 47,
    "category": "Übergangsmetalle",
    "group": 11,
    "period": 5,
    "block": "d",
    "mass": 107.87,
    "phase": "fest",
    "density": 10.49,
    "electronegativity": 1.93
  },
  {
    "symbol": "Cd",
    "name": "cadmium",
    "number": 48,
    "category": "Übergangsmetalle",
    "group": 12,
    "period": 5,
    "block": "d",
    "mass": 112.41,
    "phase": "fest",
    "density": 8.65,
    "electronegativity": 1.69
  },
  {
    "symbol": "In",
    "name": "Indium",
    "number": 49,
    "category": "Metalle",
    "group": 13,
    "period": 5,
    "block": "p",
    "mass": 114.82,
    "phase": "fest",
    "density": 7.31,
    "electronegativity": 1.78
  },
  {
    "symbol": "Sn",
    "name": "Zinn",
    "number": 50,
    "category": "Metalle",
    "group": 14,
    "period": 5,
    "block": "p",
    "mass": 118.71,
    "phase": "fest",
    "density": 5.77,
    "electronegativity": 1.96
  },
  {
    "symbol": "Sb",
    "name": "Antimon",
    "number": 51,
    "category": "Halbmetalle",
    "group": 15,
    "period": 5,
    "block": "p",
    "mass": 121.76,
    "phase": "fest",
    "density": 6.7,
    "electronegativity": 2.05
  },
  {
    "symbol": "Te",
    "name": "Tellur",
    "number": 52,
    "category": "Halbmetalle",
    "group": 16,
    "period": 5,
    "block": "p",
    "mass": 127.6,
    "phase": "fest",
    "density": 6.24,
    "electronegativity": 2.1
  },
  {
    "symbol": "I",
    "name": "Iod",
    "number": 53,
    "category": "Halogene",
    "group": 17,
    "period": 5,
    "block": "p",
    "mass": 126.9,
    "phase": "fest",
    "density": 4.94,
    "electronegativity": 2.66
  },
  {
    "symbol": "Xe",
    "name": "Xenon",
    "number": 54,
    "category": "Edelgase",
    "group": 18,
    "period": 5,
    "block": "p",
    "mass": 131.29,
    "phase": "gasförmig",
    "density": 5.9,
    "electronegativity": 2.6
  },
  {
    "symbol": "Cs",
    "name": "Caesium",
    "number": 55,
    "category": "Alkalimetalle",
    "group": 1,
    "period": 6,
    "block": "s",
    "mass": 132.91,
    "phase": "fest",
    "density": 1.9,
    "electronegativity": 0.79
  },
  {
    "symbol": "Ba",
    "name": "Barium",
    "number": 56,
    "category": "Erdalkalimetalle",
    "group": 2,
    "period": 6,
    "block": "s",
    "mass": 137.33,
    "phase": "fest",
    "density": 3.62,
    "electronegativity": 0.89
  },
  {
    "symbol": "La",
    "name": "Lanthan",
    "number": 57,
    "category": "Übergangsmetalle",
    "group": 3,
    "period": 6,
    "block": "d",
    "mass": 138.9,
    "phase": "fest",
    "density": 6.17,
    "electronegativity": 1.1
  },
  {
    "symbol": "Ce",
    "name": "Cer",
    "number": 58,
    "category": "Lanthanoide",
    "group": "La",
    "period": 6,
    "block": "f",
    "mass": 140.12,
    "phase": "fest",
    "density": 6.77,
    "electronegativity": 1.12
  },
  {
    "symbol": "Pr",
    "name": "Praseodym",
    "number": 59,
    "category": "Lanthanoide",
    "group": "La",
    "period": 6,
    "block": "f",
    "mass": 140.91,
    "phase": "fest",
    "density": 6.48,
    "electronegativity": 1.13
  },
  {
    "symbol": "Nd",
    "name": "Neodym",
    "number": 60,
    "category": "Lanthanoide",
    "group": "La",
    "period": 6,
    "block": "f",
    "mass": 144.24,
    "phase": "fest",
    "density": 7.0,
    "electronegativity": 1.14
  },
  {
    "symbol": "Pm",
    "name": "Promethium",
    "number": 61,
    "category": "Lanthanoide",
    "group": "La",
    "period": 6,
    "block": "f",
    "mass": 146.91,
    "phase": "fest",
    "density": 7.2,
    "electronegativity": null
  },
  {
    "symbol": "Sm",
    "name": "Samarium",
    "number": 62,
    "category": "Lanthanoide",
    "group": "La",
    "period": 6,
    "block": "f",
    "mass": 150.36,
    "phase": "fest",
    "density": 7.54,
    "electronegativity": 1.17
  },
  {
    "symbol": "Eu",
    "name": "Europium",
    "number": 63,
    "category": "Lanthanoide",
    "group": "La",
    "period": 6,
    "block": "f",
    "mass": 151.96,
    "phase": "fest",
    "density": 5.25,
    "electronegativity": null
  },
  {
    "symbol": "Gd",
    "name": "Gadolinium",
    "number": 64,
    "category": "Lanthanoide",
    "group": "La",
    "period": 6,
    "block": "f",
    "mass": 157.25,
    "phase": "fest",
    "density": 7.89,
    "electronegativity": 1.2
  },
  {
    "symbol": "Tb",
    "name": "Terbium",
    "number": 65,
    "category": "Lanthanoide",
    "group": "La",
    "period": 6,
    "block": "f",
    "mass": 158.93,
    "phase": "fest",
    "density": 8.25,
    "electronegativity": null
  },
  {
    "symbol": "Dy",
    "name": "Dysprosium",
    "number": 66,
    "category": "Lanthanoide",
    "group": "La",
    "period": 6,
    "block": "f",
    "mass": 162.5,
    "phase": "fest",
    "density": 8.56,
    "electronegativity": 1.22
  },
  {
    "symbol": "Ho",
    "name": "Holmium",
    "number": 67,
    "category": "Lanthanoide",
    "group": "La",
    "period": 6,
    "block": "f",
    "mass": 164.93,
    "phase": "fest",
    "density": 8.78,
    "electronegativity": 1.23
  },
  {
    "symbol": "Er",
    "name": "Erbium",
    "number": 68,
    "category": "Lanthanoide",
    "group": "La",
    "period": 6,
    "block": "f",
    "mass": 167.26,
    "phase": "fest",
    "density": 9.05,
    "electronegativity": 1.24
  },
  {
    "symbol": "Tm",
    "name": "Thulium",
    "number": 69,
    "category": "Lanthanoide",
    "group": "La",
    "period": 6,
    "block": "f",
    "mass": 168.93,
    "phase": "fest",
    "density": 9.32,
    "electronegativity": 1.25
  },
  {
    "symbol": "Yb",
    "name": "Ytterbium",
    "number": 70,
    "category": "Lanthanoide",
    "group": "La",
    "period": 6,
    "block": "f",
    "mass": 173.05,
    "phase": "fest",
    "density": 6.97,
    "electronegativity": null
  },
  {
    "symbol": "Lu",
    "name": "Lutetium",
    "number": 71,
    "category": "Lanthanoide",
    "group": "La",
    "period": 6,
    "block": "f",
    "mass": 174.97,
    "phase": "fest",
    "density": 9.84,
    "electronegativity": 1.27
  },
  {
    "symbol": "Hf",
    "name": "Hafnium",
    "number": 72,
    "category": "Übergangsmetalle",
    "group": 4,
    "period": 6,
    "block": "d",
    "mass": 178.49,
    "phase": "fest",
    "density": 13.28,
    "electronegativity": 1.3
  },
  {
    "symbol": "Ta",
    "name": "Tantal",
    "number": 73,
    "category": "Übergangsmetalle",
    "group": 5,
    "period": 6,
    "block": "d",
    "mass": 180.95,
    "phase": "fest",
    "density": 16.65,
    "electronegativity": 1.5
  },
  {
    "symbol": "W",
    "name": "Wolfram",
    "number": 74,
    "category": "Übergangsmetalle",
    "group": 6,
    "period": 6,
    "block": "d",
    "mass": 183.84,
    "phase": "fest",
    "density": 19.25,
    "electronegativity": 2.36
  },
  {
    "symbol": "Re",
    "name": "Rhenium",
    "number": 75,
    "category": "Übergangsmetalle",
    "group": 7,
    "period": 6,
    "block": "d",
    "mass": 186.21,
    "phase": "fest",
    "density": 21.0,
    "electronegativity": 1.9
  },
  {
    "symbol": "Os",
    "name": "Osmium",
    "number": 76,
    "category": "Übergangsmetalle",
    "group": 8,
    "period": 6,
    "block": "d",
    "mass": 190.23,
    "phase": "fest",
    "density": 22.59,
    "electronegativity": 2.2
  },
  {
    "symbol": "Ir",
    "name": "Irdium",
    "number": 77,
    "category": "Übergangsmetalle",
    "group": 9,
    "period": 6,
    "block": "d",
    "mass": 192.22,
    "phase": "fest",
    "density": 22.56,
    "electronegativity": 2.2
  },
  {
    "symbol": "Pt",
    "name": "Platin",
    "number": 78,
    "category": "Übergangsmetalle",
    "group": 10,
    "period": 6,
    "block": "d",
    "mass": 195.08,
    "phase": "fest",
    "density": 21.45,
    "electronegativity": 2.2
  },
  {
    "symbol": "Au",
    "name": "Gold",
    "number": 79,
    "category": "Übergangsmetalle",
    "group": 11,
    "period": 6,
    "block": "d",
    "mass": 196.97,
    "phase": "fest",
    "density": 19.32,
    "electronegativity": 2.54
  },
  {
    "symbol": "Hg",
    "name": "Quecksilber",
    "number": 80,
    "category": "Übergangsmetalle",
    "group": 12,
    "period": 6,
    "block": "d",
    "mass": 200.59,
    "phase": "flüssig",
    "density": 13.55,
    "electronegativity": 2.0
  },
  {
    "symbol": "Tl",
    "name": "Thalium",
    "number": 81,
    "category": "Metalle",
    "group": 13,
    "period": 6,
    "block": "p",
    "mass": 204.38,
    "phase": "fest",
    "density": 11.85,
    "electronegativity": 1.62
  },
  {
    "symbol": "Pb",
    "name": "Blei",
    "number": 82,
    "category": "Metalle",
    "group": 14,
    "period": 6,
    "block": "p",
    "mass": 207.2,
    "phase": "fest",
    "density": 11.34,
    "electronegativity": 2.33
  },
  {
    "symbol": "Bi",
    "name": "Bismut",
    "number": 83,
    "category": "Metalle",
    "group": 15,
    "period": 6,
    "block": "p",
    "mass": 208.98,
    "phase": "fest",
    "density": 9.78,
    "electronegativity": 2.02
  },
  {
    "symbol": "Po",
    "name": "Polonium",
    "number": 84,
    "category": "Metalle",
    "group": 16,
    "period": 6,
    "block": "p",
    "mass": 209.98,
    "phase": "fest",
    "density": 9.2,
    "electronegativity": 2.0
  },
  {
    "symbol": "At",
    "name": "Astat",
    "number": 85,
    "category": "Halogene",
    "group": 17,
    "period": 6,
    "block": "p",
    "mass": 209.99,
    "phase": "fest",
    "density": null,
    "electronegativity": 2.2
  },
  {
    "symbol": "Rn",
    "name": "Radon",
    "number": 86,
    "category": "Edelgase",
    "group": 18,
    "period": 6,
    "block": "p",
    "mass": 222.0,
    "phase": "gasförmig",
    "density": 9.73,
    "electronegativity": null
  },
  {
    "symbol": "Fr",
    "name": "Francium",
    "number": 87,
    "category": "Alkalimetalle",
    "group": 1,
    "period": 7,
    "block": "s",
    "mass": 223.02,
    "phase": "fest",
    "density": null,
    "electronegativity": 0.7
  },
  {
    "symbol": "Ra",
    "name": "Radium",
    "number": 88,
    "category": "Erdalkalimetalle",
    "group": 2,
    "period": 7,
    "block": "s",
    "mass": 226.03,
    "phase": "fest",
    "density": 5.5,
    "electronegativity": 0.9
  },
  {
    "symbol": "Ac",
    "name": "Actinium",
    "number": 89,
    "category": "Übergangsmetalle",
    "group": 3,
    "period": 7,
    "block": "d",
    "mass": 227.03,
    "phase": "fest",
    "density": 10.07,
    "electronegativity": 1.1
  },
  {
    "symbol": "Th",
    "name": "Thorium",
    "number": 90,
    "category": "Actinoide",
    "group": "Ac",
    "period": 7,
    "block": "f",
    "mass": 232.04,
    "phase": "fest",
    "density": 11.72,
    "electronegativity": 1.3
  },
  {
    "symbol": "Pa",
    "name": "Protactinium",
    "number": 91,
    "category": "Actinoide",
    "group": "Ac",
    "period": 7,
    "block": "f",
    "mass": 231.04,
    "phase": "fest",
    "density": 15.37,
    "electronegativity": 1.5
  },
  {
    "symbol": "U",
    "name": "Uran",
    "number": 92,
    "category": "Actinoide",
    "group": "Ac",
    "period": 7,
    "block": "f",
    "mass": 238.03,
    "phase": "fest",
    "density": 19.16,
    "electronegativity": 1.38
  },
  {
    "symbol": "Np",
    "name": "Neptunium",
    "number": 93,
    "category": "Actinoide",
    "group": "Ac",
    "period": 7,
    "block": "f",
    "mass": 237.05,
    "phase": "fest",
    "density": 20.45,
    "electronegativity": 1.36
  },
  {
    "symbol": "Pu",
    "name": "Plutonium",
    "number": 94,
    "category": "Actinoide",
    "group": "Ac",
    "period": 7,
    "block": "f",
    "mass": 244.06,
    "phase": "fest",
    "density": 19.82,
    "electronegativity": 1.28
  },
  {
    "symbol": "Am",
    "name": "Americium",
    "number": 95,
    "category": "Actinoide",
    "group": "Ac",
    "period": 7,
    "block": "f",
    "mass": 243.06,
    "phase": "fest",
    "density": 13.67,
    "electronegativity": 1.3
  },
  {
    "symbol": "Cm",
    "name": "Curium",
    "number": 96,
    "category": "Actinoide",
    "group": "Ac",
    "period": 7,
    "block": "f",
    "mass": 247.07,
    "phase": "fest",
    "density": 13.51,
    "electronegativity": 1.3
  },
  {
    "symbol": "Bk",
    "name": "Berkelium",
    "number": 97,
    "category": "Actinoide",
    "group": "Ac",
    "period": 7,
    "block": "f",
    "mass": 247,
    "phase": "fest",
    "density": 14.78,
    "electronegativity": 1.3
  },
  {
    "symbol": "Cf",
    "name": "Californium",
    "number": 98,
    "category": "Actinoide",
    "group": "Ac",
    "period": 7,
    "block": "f",
    "mass": 251,
    "phase": "fest",
    "density": 15.1,
    "electronegativity": 1.3
  },
  {
    "symbol": "Es",
    "name": "Einsteinium",
    "number": 99,
    "category": "Actinoide",
    "group": "Ac",
    "period": 7,
    "block": "f",
    "mass": 252,
    "phase": "fest",
    "density": 8.84,
    "electronegativity": null
  },
  {
    "symbol": "Fm",
    "name": "Fermium",
    "number": 100,
    "category": "Actinoide",
    "group": "Ac",
    "period": 7,
    "block": "f",
    "mass": 257.1,
    "phase": "fest",
    "density": null,
    "electronegativity": null
  },
  {
    "symbol": "Md",
    "name": "Medelevium",
    "number": 101,
    "category": "Actinoide",
    "group": "Ac",
    "period": 7,
    "block": "f",
    "mass": 258,
    "phase": "fest",
    "density": null,
    "electronegativity": null
  },
  {
    "symbol": "No",
    "name": "Nobelium",
    "number": 102,
    "category": "Actinoide",
    "group": "Ac",
    "period": 7,
    "block": "f",
    "mass": 259,
    "phase": "fest",
    "density": null,
    "electronegativity": null
  },
  {
    "symbol": "Lr",
    "name": "Lawrencium",
    "number": 103,
    "category": "Actinoide",
    "group": "Ac",
    "period": 7,
    "block": "f",
    "mass": 266,
    "phase": "fest",
    "density": null,
    "electronegativity": null
  },
  {
    "symbol": "Rf",
    "name": "Rutherfordium",
    "number": 104,
    "category": "Übergangsmetalle",
    "group": 4,
    "period": 7,
    "block": "d",
    "mass": 261.11,
    "phase": "fest",
    "density": 17.0,
    "electronegativity": null
  },
  {
    "symbol": "Db",
    "name": "Dubnium",
    "number": 105,
    "category": "Übergangsmetalle",
    "group": 5,
    "period": 7,
    "block": "d",
    "mass": 262.11,
    "phase": null,
    "density": null,
    "electronegativity": null
  },
  {
    "symbol": "Sg",
    "name": "Seaborgium",
    "number": 106,
    "category": "Übergangsmetalle",
    "group": 6,
    "period": 7,
    "block": "d",
    "mass": 263.12,
    "phase": null,
    "density": null,
    "electronegativity": null
  },
  {
    "symbol": "Bh",
    "name": "Bohrium",
    "number": 107,
    "category": "Übergangsmetalle",
    "group": 7,
    "period": 7,
    "block": "d",
    "mass": 262.12,
    "phase": null,
    "density": null,
    "electronegativity": null
  },
  {
    "symbol": "Hs",
    "name": "Hassium",
    "number": 108,
    "category": "Übergangsmetalle",
    "group": 8,
    "period": 7,
    "block": "d",
    "mass": 265,
    "phase": null,
    "density": null,
    "electronegativity": null
  },
  {
    "symbol": "Mt",
    "name": "Meitnerium",
    "number": 109,
    "category": "Unbekannt",
    "group": 9,
    "period": 7,
    "block": "d",
    "mass": 268,
    "phase": null,
    "density": null,
    "electronegativity": null
  },
  {
    "symbol": "Ds",
    "name": "Darmstadtium",
    "number": 110,
    "category": "Unbekannt",
    "group": 10,
    "period": 7,
    "block": "d",
    "mass": 281,
    "phase": null,
    "density": null,
    "electronegativity": null
  },
  {
    "symbol": "Rg",
    "name": "Roentgenium",
    "number": 111,
    "category": "Unbekannt",
    "group": 11,
    "period": 7,
    "block": "d",
    "mass": 280,
    "phase": null,
    "density": null,
    "electronegativity": null
  },
  {
    "symbol": "Cn",
    "name": "Copernicium",
    "number": 112,
    "category": "Unbekannt",
    "group": 12,
    "period": 7,
    "block": "d",
    "mass": 277,
    "phase": null,
    "density": null,
    "electronegativity": null
  },
  {
    "symbol": "Nh",
    "name": "Nihonium",
    "number": 113,
    "category": "Unbekannt",
    "group": 13,
    "period": 7,
    "block": "p",
    "mass": 287,
    "phase": null,
    "density": null,
    "electronegativity": null
  },
  {
    "symbol": "Fl",
    "name": "Flerovium",
    "number": 114,
    "category": "Unbekannt",
    "group": 14,
    "period": 7,
    "block": "p",
    "mass": 289,
    "phase": null,
    "density": null,
    "electronegativity": null
  },
  {
    "symbol": "Mc",
    "name": "Moscovium",
    "number": 115,
    "category": "Unbekannt",
    "group": 15,
    "period": 7,
    "block": "p",
    "mass": 288,
    "phase": null,
    "density": null,
    "electronegativity": null
  },
  {
    "symbol": "Lv",
    "name": "Livermorium",
    "number": 116,
    "category": "Unbekannt",
    "group": 16,
    "period": 7,
    "block": "p",
    "mass": 293,
    "phase": null,
    "density": null,
    "electronegativity": null
  },
  {
    "symbol": "Ts",
    "name": "Tenness",
    "number": 117,
    "category": "Unbekannt",
    "group": 17,
    "period": 7,
    "block": "p",
    "mass": 292,
    "phase": null,
    "density": null,
    "electronegativity": null
  },
  {
    "symbol": "Og",
    "name": "Oganesson",
    "number": 118,
    "category": "Unbekannt",
    "group": 18,
    "period": 7,
    "block": "p",
    "mass": 294,
    "phase": "fest",
    "density": 6.6,
    "electronegativity": null
  }
]

Python

import json
import tkinter as tk
import webbrowser
from locale import setlocale, LC_ALL, format_string
from typing import Optional, Union, Iterable, Iterator, NamedTuple


class Element(NamedTuple):
    symbol: str
    name: str
    number: int
    category: str
    group: Union[str, int]
    period: int
    block: str
    mass: float
    phase: Optional[str]
    density: Optional[float]
    electronegativity: Optional[float]


class PlacedElement(NamedTuple):
    row: int
    column: int
    element: Element


def format_float(s: Optional[float]) -> str:
    if s is None:
        return 'n.A'
    return format_string('%.2f', s)


def place_elements(elements: Iterable[Element]) -> Iterator[PlacedElement]:
    OFFSET = 2
    la_offset = 2
    ac_offset = 2

    for element in elements:
        period, group_name = element.period, element.group

        if group_name == 'La':
            group = la_offset + OFFSET
            la_offset += 1
            period += OFFSET
        elif group_name == 'Ac':
            group = ac_offset + OFFSET
            ac_offset += 1
            period += OFFSET
        else:
            group = group_name

        yield PlacedElement(row=period - 1, column=group - 1, element=element)


def load_json(filename: str = 'elements.json') -> Iterator[Element]:
    with open(filename, encoding='utf-8') as f:
        for element_dict in json.load(f):
            yield Element(**element_dict)


class ElementButton:
    BORDER = 3

    CATEGORY_COLORS = {
        'Alkalimetalle': '#fe6f61',
        'Erdalkalimetalle': '#6791a7',
        'Übergangsmetalle': '#83b8d0',
        'Metalle': '#cae2ed',
        'Halbmetalle': '#a7d6bc',
        'Nichtmetalle': '#ffde66',
        'Halogene': '#e9aa63',
        'Edelgase': '#e29136',
        'Unbekannt': '#cec0bf',
        'Lanthanoide': '#696071',
        'Actinoide': '#5b4c68',
    }

    PHASE_COLORS = {
        'fest': 'black',
        'flüssig': 'blue',
        'gasförmig': 'red',
        None:  'grey',
    }

    def __init__(self, parent: tk.Widget, placed_element: PlacedElement) -> None:
        self.element = placed_element.element
        self.background = self.CATEGORY_COLORS[self.element.category]
        self.frame = frame = tk.Frame(
            parent, relief=tk.RAISED,
            name=f'frame_{self.element.symbol}',
            background=self.background,
            border=self.BORDER,
        )
        self.frame.grid_columnconfigure(1, weight=2)
        self.frame.grid(row=placed_element.row, column=placed_element.column, sticky=tk.EW)

        self.populate()

        frame.bind('<ButtonPress-1>', self.press)
        frame.bind('<ButtonRelease-1>', self.release)
        for child in frame.winfo_children():
            child.bindtags((frame,))

    def populate(self) -> None:
        prefix = f'label_{self.element.symbol}_'

        tk.Label(
            self.frame, name=prefix + 'number',
            text=self.element.number, background=self.background,
        ).grid(row=0, column=0, sticky=tk.NW)

        tk.Label(
            self.frame, name=prefix + 'mass',
            text=format_float(self.element.mass), background=self.background,
        ).grid(row=0, column=2, sticky=tk.NE)

        tk.Label(
            self.frame, name=prefix + 'name',
            text=self.element.name, background=self.background,
        ).grid(row=1, column=0, sticky=tk.EW, columnspan=3)

        tk.Label(
            self.frame, name=prefix + 'symbol',
            text=self.element.symbol, font='bold', background=self.background,
            foreground=self.PHASE_COLORS[self.element.phase],
        ).grid(row=2, column=0, sticky=tk.EW, columnspan=3)

        tk.Label(
            self.frame, name=prefix + 'electronegativity',
            text=format_float(self.element.electronegativity), background=self.background,
        ).grid(row=3, column=0, sticky=tk.SW)

        tk.Label(
            self.frame, name=prefix + 'density',
            text=format_float(self.element.density), background=self.background,
        ).grid(row=3, column=2, sticky=tk.SE)

    def press(self, event: tk.Event) -> None:
        self.frame.configure(relief='sunken')

    def release(self, event: tk.Event) -> None:
        self.frame.configure(relief='raised')
        webbrowser.open(
            url=f'https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/{self.element.name}',
            new=2,
        )


def main() -> None:
    setlocale(LC_ALL, 'de-DE.UTF-8')

    root = tk.Tk()
    root.title('Periodensystem der Elemente')

    frame = tk.Frame(root, name='grid_container')
    frame.pack_configure(fill=tk.BOTH)

    elements = tuple(place_elements(load_json()))
    for element in elements:
        ElementButton(frame, element)

    columns = {elm.column for elm in elements}
    for x in columns:
        frame.grid_columnconfigure(index=x, weight=1)

    root.mainloop()


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

Answer 2

Don't optimize the wrong thing

You have an excellent review already, so I'll comment on a narrow topic: cramped code layout. For example:

def execute(self,event):
    if self.flag: self.command();self.configure(relief='raised')
    else: self.configure(relief='raised')

As a species, software engineers are often optimizers. And the problem with optimization is its seductiveness. The thing being optimized (speed, memory, or lines of code) can start to seem independently important -- a legitimate goal in its own right. It almost never is.

Code is read or quickly scanned orders of magnitude more frequently than it is typed. The real enemy in coding is complexity, confusion, and bugs -- not whether you have to type a few extra spaces and newline characters. Do yourself a favor and type the code in a way that optimizes for readability rather than lines of code:

def execute(self, event):
    if self.flag:
        self.command()
        self.configure(relief='raised')
    else:
        self.configure(relief='raised')

And notice what happens when we do that. By enhancing the visibility of the logical structure, we see that the code is needlessly repetitive and verbose. So we edit further, ending up with a version that is more compact than the cramped version we started with:

def execute(self, event):
    if self.flag:
        self.command()
    self.configure(relief='raised')