I have implemented a radix sort algorithm in Python 3. It first finds the maximum number of digits in the list, then changes them to strings and adds 0's. For example, [7, 23, 107, 1, 53] to ['007', '023', '107', '001', '053']. I then make a new matrix, [[] * 10]. I append the numbers with last digit of 0 in lst[0], numbers with last digit of 1 in lst[1], etc. I then flatten the matrix into a list, and recurse with the lst, and with the position one less than the one before (in this case, the second to last digit). Can I get advice on how to improve it? Here is my code:

def radix_sort(lst):
'''list -> list'''

#finds maximum number of digits in list
num_of_digits = max([len(str(x)) for x in lst])

#Adds 0s to the front of the number if necessary and changes it to a string
for x in range(len(lst)):
lst[x] = '0' * (num_of_digits - len(str(lst[x]))) + str(lst[x])

#helper function to sort based on the position
def helper(lst, pos):
'''list, int -> list'''
#places numbers with 0 in the position in the ans[0], 1 in the position in ans[1], etc.
ans = [[] for _ in range(10)]

#adding numbers to the position in ans
for x in lst:
ans[int(x[pos])].append(x)

#flattened list, reusing lst to save memory
lst = []
for x in ans:
for y in x:
lst.append(y)

#we have sorted the whole list
if pos == 0:
return lst

#recurse again with smaller position
return helper(lst, pos - 1)

#changing the strings to integers and returning
return [int(x) for x in helper(lst, num_of_digits - 1)]


        #flattened list, reusing lst to save memory
lst = []


That doesn't save memory. The caller of the current helper call still has a reference to the "old" list, so it'll remain in memory in addition to this new one. You'll have one list per call level. To actually save memory, you could do lst.clear() instead, so that all levels use the same single list.

To further save memory, do del ans, x, y after you rebuilt lst from them before you call helper recursively, otherwise they'll remain in memory as well, again once per call level.

For example for lst = ['1' * 800] * 1000, these improvements changed the peak memory usage from over 15 MB to less than 0.5 MB in this test of mine:

import tracemalloc

lst = ['1' * 800] * 1000
tracemalloc.start()
peak = tracemalloc.get_traced_memory()[1]
print(peak)


Or just do it iteratively instead of recursively, then you likely wouldn't have these issues in the first place and you wouldn't have to worry about recursion limit errors due to large numbers.

Here's an iterative one with a few other changes:

def radix_sorted(lst):
'''list -> list'''
lst = list(map(str, lst))
width = max(map(len, lst))
lst = [s.rjust(width, '0') for s in lst]
for i in range(width)[::-1]:
buckets = [[] for _ in range(10)]
for s in lst:
buckets[int(s[i])].append(s)
lst = [s for b in buckets for s in b]
return list(map(int, lst))

• Oh, thanks! I thought it was saving memory, I guess I was completely wrong. This will help my memory usage a lot. By the way, is there really a chance that I'll get a recursion limit error? The recursion depth is 1,000 which means it'll only pass recursion depth for 1000+ digit numbers, am I wrong? Mar 23 '21 at 23:04
• @SolaSky Yes, roughly at 1000 digits you'd hit the limit. Whether there's a chance that you have such numbers, I don't know, only you do :-). Btw I added an iterative one now. Mar 24 '21 at 0:04

It isn't necessary to convert the numbers to strings and zero-pad them.

BASE = 10

biggest_number = max(lst)
place = 1

while place <= biggest_number:
buckets = [[] for _ in range(BASE)]
for number in lst:
index = number // place % BASE
buckets[index].append(number)

lst = []
for bucket in buckets
lst.extend(bucket)

place *= BASE

return lst

• You have presented an alternative solution, but haven't reviewed the code. Please explain your reasoning (how your solution works and why your solution is better than the original) so that the author and other readers can learn from your thought process. Mar 31 '21 at 18:19