# Pivot DataFrame with DateTimeIndex

I have some data, which I've faked using:

def fake_disrete_data():
in_li = []
sample_points = 24 * 4

for day, bias in zip((11, 12, 13), (.5, .7, 1.)):
day_time = datetime(2016, 6, day, 0, 0, 0)
for x in range(int(sample_points)):

in_li.append((day_time + timedelta(minutes=15*x),
int(x / 4),
bias))

return pd.DataFrame(in_li, columns=("time", "mag_sig", "bias")).set_index("time")

fake_disc = fake_disrete_data()


I can pivot each column individually using and then concatenate them using:

cols = list(fake_disc.columns.values)
dfs = []
for col in cols:
dfs.append(pd.pivot_table(fake_disc,
index=fake_disc.index.date,
columns=fake_disc.index.hour,
values=col,
aggfunc=np.mean))

all_df = pd.concat(dfs, axis=1, keys=cols)


But is there a better way to do this?

I'm trying to follow the answers seen in Pandas pivot table for multiple columns at once and How to pivot multilabel table in pandas, but I'm having a difficult time translating their methods to the DateTimeIndex case.

# Review

all in all, this code is rather clean. I would use a generator comprehension and itertools.chain in fake_disrete_data instead of the nested for-loop, but that is a matter of taste

## linewraps

I prefer to wrap lines after the ( instead of the first argument. Here I follow the same rules as black. This leads to lesser indents, but slightly longer code, for example:

dfs.append(
pd.pivot_table(
fake_disc,
index=fake_disc.index.date,
columns=fake_disc.index.hour,
values=col,
aggfunc=np.mean,
)
)


## list comprehension

instead of the appending, you can do

dfs = [
pd.pivot_table(
fake_disc,
index=fake_disc.index.date,
columns=fake_disc.index.hour,
values=col,
aggfunc=np.mean,
)
for col in columns
]


or even better, feed a dict to pd.concat, so you don't have to specify the keys argument

dfs = {
col: pd.pivot_table(
fake_disc,
index=fake_disc.index.date,
columns=fake_disc.index.hour,
values=col,
aggfunc='mean',
)
for col in fake_disc.columns
}
pd.concat(dfs, axis=1)


I also changed the np.mean to 'mean', so you don't have to specifically import np for this, and avoided having to create the columns list

# Alternative approach

pd.pivot is a wrapper around unstack, groupby and stack. If you want to do something more complicated, you can do those operations by hand

fake_disc = fake_disrete_data()
fake_disc.columns = fake_disc.columns.set_names('variable')
df = fake_disc.stack().to_frame().rename(columns={0: 'value'})
df['hour'] = df.index.get_level_values('time').hour


this creates an intermediary DataFrame

time                variable    value   hour
2016-06-11 00:00:00 mag_sig     0.0     0
2016-06-11 00:00:00 bias        0.5     0
2016-06-11 00:15:00 mag_sig     0.0     0
2016-06-11 00:15:00 bias        0.5     0
2016-06-11 00:30:00 mag_sig     0.0     0
...


This you can group. To group the time per hour, you can use pd.Grouper

pivot = (
df.groupby([pd.Grouper(level="time", freq="d"), "hour", "variable"])
.mean()
.unstack(["variable", "hour"])
.sort_index(axis="columns", level=["variable", "hour"])
)

  value
variable  bias    ...     mag_sig
hour  0   1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9   ...     14  15  16  17  18  19  20  21  22  23
time
2016-06-11    0.5     0.5     0.5     0.5     0.5     0.5     0.5     0.5     0.5     0.5     ...     14.0    15.0    16.0    17.0    18.0    19.0    20.0    21.0    22.0    23.0
2016-06-12    0.7     0.7     0.7     0.7     0.7     0.7     0.7     0.7     0.7     0.7     ...     14.0    15.0    16.0    17.0    18.0    19.0    20.0    21.0    22.0    23.0
2016-06-13    1.0     1.0     1.0     1.0     1.0     1.0     1.0     1.0     1.0     1.0     ...     14.0    15.0    16.0    17.0    18.0    19.0    20.0    21.0    22.0    23.0


## performance

according to the %%timeit cell magic in Jupyterlab, the first approach (with the dict and concat) takes about 23ms, the second approach about 10ms. Depending on your usecase, this difference might be important. If it is not, pick the method which is most readable to your future self