I am new to using Classes and Objects, and as such thought i would edit a previous Tic Tac Toe game i created, this time using Classes. I found it easier using entirely public (Class?) variables (ie, ClassName.Variable). This way any variable can be accessed from anywhere, making utilising said variables much easier across the code. Lists are then used to store things like the board, the game types, and in other cases besides this one, whose go it would be next (ie, when you introduce three players) etc. Lists are beautiful things.
I am aware i have put self in some initialisers, but not actually used it. i am also aware some Public variables are named Class1.Variable when they are only ever used in Class2, as i set them to whichever class the variable would belong to.
Oh, and i always use Capitals for Class/Function/Variable names. i know its frowned upon but i personally find it much more organised and neat :)
I would like to ask :
How can i use self and protected/private variables to best suit the game of Tic Tac Toe and avoid all-Public variables?
Is it a Crime to use entirely Public variables?
Are there any other issues or problems with my coding style, and how can i correct that?
Original Code
from random import *
from time import *
#Noughts and Crosses
#Only works in Python 3
def PrintBoard(Places): #Prints the Board, mirrors a laptop's keypad
print('',Places[6],'|',Places[7],'|',Places[8],'')
print('---|---|---')
print('',Places[3],'|',Places[4],'|',Places[5],'')
print('---|---|---')
print('',Places[0],'|',Places[1],'|',Places[2],'')
print()#empty line at the bottom to make room for further prompts
def VerifyPosition(Places, Type):#Verifys and asks for your selection
Valid = False
print(Type+"'s Go...")#O's Go... / X's Go...
while not Valid:
Position = input("Please type where you wish to place: ")
while Position.isdigit() == False or int(Position) > 9 or int(Position) <= 0:#Ensures the player does not type an incorrect location to place in
Position = input("Please type a valid integer between 1 and 9: ")
Position = int(Position)
if Places[Position-1] == 'X' or Places[Position-1] == 'O':#9 on the keypad would refer to index 8, as starts from 0 but keypad starts at 1
Valid = False
print("That is an invalid square, please try again ")
else:
Valid = True
Places[Position-1] = Type#lists start at 0, inputs start at 1
#the board is layed out identical to a Computer's Key-Pad, hence starting at 1 and not 0, requiring -1 to the positional index
def PlayRoundSingle(Places, Type, GameType):
GameWon = False
while not GameWon:#loops until someone wins
if GameType in ["S","M"]:
Move(Places, Type)
GameWon,WinningType = CheckWin(Places, Type)
Type = ChangeType(Type)
if GameType != "M" and GameWon == False:# If Single Player and the Game has not been Won...
print(Type+"'s Go...")#Computers Go!
sleep(1)
Places = GetComputersChoice(Places, Type)
GameWon,WinningType = CheckWin(Places, Type)
Type = ChangeType(Type)
return WinningType, GameWon
def GetComputersChoice(Places, Type):
EmptySpaces = []
for i in range(0,9):#goes through all spaces on the board...
if Places[i] == ' ': #Finds empty spaces...
EmptySpaces.append(i) # Adds them to a list for future reference
Places = ComputerMove(Places, EmptySpaces, Type)
PrintBoard(Places) # Prints the Board
return Places
def ComputerMove(Places,EmptySpaces, Type):
Change = False
OriginalType = Type # prevents placing down the opponent's piece when checking for a BLOCK
for i in range(0,2):#Checks each space twice, FIRST to see if there is a winning move, THEN to check if they can block the opponent
for i in range(0,len(EmptySpaces)):#check the space to see FIRST if two friendly pieces are in line for a win, THEN check if you can block an opponent, IF NEITHER, radomise
if not Change: # If no change has happened (prevents re-checking after a space has been found
Position, Change = CheckComputerWin(Places, EmptySpaces[i], Type) # checks to see whether the computer can cause a three-in-a-row... or prevent one
if Change: # If there is a change...
Places[Position] = OriginalType # Fills in the space
return Places # prevents unneccesarily checking more spaces
Type = ChangeType(Type) #switches the type, to see if any draws are available AFTER checking for wins
Places[choice(EmptySpaces)] = OriginalType # If no places were found to have a effect, randomize the location...
return Places
def CheckComputerWin(Places, SpaceToCheck, Type):
if (SpaceToCheck in [6,3,0] and Places[SpaceToCheck + 1] == Type and Places[SpaceToCheck + 2] == Type) or (#Left Side Checks |
SpaceToCheck in [7,4,1] and Places[SpaceToCheck + 1] == Type and Places[SpaceToCheck - 1] == Type) or (#Central Column check | Horizontal Checks
SpaceToCheck in [8,5,2] and Places[SpaceToCheck - 1] == Type and Places[SpaceToCheck - 2] == Type) or (#Right Side Check |
SpaceToCheck in [6,7,8] and Places[SpaceToCheck - 3] == Type and Places[SpaceToCheck - 6] == Type) or (#Top Row Check |
SpaceToCheck in [5,4,3] and Places[SpaceToCheck - 3] == Type and Places[SpaceToCheck + 3] == Type) or (#Middle Row Check | Vertical Checks
SpaceToCheck in [2,1,0] and Places[SpaceToCheck + 3] == Type and Places[SpaceToCheck + 6] == Type) or (#Bottom Row Check |
SpaceToCheck == 0 and Places[SpaceToCheck + 4] == Type and Places[SpaceToCheck + 8] == Type) or ( #Bottom Left |
SpaceToCheck == 2 and Places[SpaceToCheck + 2] == Type and Places[SpaceToCheck + 4] == Type) or ( #Bottom Right | Diagonal
SpaceToCheck == 6 and Places[SpaceToCheck - 2] == Type and Places[SpaceToCheck - 4] == Type) or ( #Top Left | Checks
SpaceToCheck == 8 and Places[SpaceToCheck - 4] == Type and Places[SpaceToCheck - 8] == Type) or ( #Top Right |
SpaceToCheck == 4 and ((Places[SpaceToCheck + 2] == Type and Places[SpaceToCheck - 2] == Type) or ( # Centre Piece, | Top-Left to Bottom-Right | Diagonal
Places[SpaceToCheck + 4] == Type and Places[SpaceToCheck - 4] == Type))): # Centre Piece, | Top-Right to Bottom-Left | Checks
return SpaceToCheck, True # Yes, The position Places[SpaceToCheck] would not win or block an opponent
return 0, False # No, The position Places[SpaceToCheck] would not win or block an opponent
def ChangeType(Type):#Switches the players turns after their go
if Type == 'X':
Type = 'O'
else:
Type = 'X'
return Type
def Move(Places, Type):
VerifyPosition(Places, Type)#asks for your square,verifies, then moves
PrintBoard(Places)#shows the board
def CheckWin(Places,Type):
GameWon = False
if ((Places[0]== Type) and (Places[1] == Type) and (Places[2] == Type)) or (
(Places[3]== Type) and (Places[4] == Type) and (Places[5] == Type)) or (
(Places[6]== Type) and (Places[7] == Type) and (Places[8] == Type)) or (
#Row Check^^^^^^^
(Places[0]== Type) and (Places[3] == Type) and (Places[6] == Type)) or (
(Places[1]== Type) and (Places[4] == Type) and (Places[7] == Type)) or (
(Places[2]== Type) and (Places[5] == Type) and (Places[8] == Type)) or (
#Column Check^^^^
(Places[0]== Type) and (Places[4] == Type) and (Places[8] == Type)) or (
(Places[2]== Type) and (Places[4] == Type) and (Places[6] == Type)):
#Diagonal Check^^
# Type = 'X'
GameWon = True
if GameWon != True:#if no one wins (potentially on the last go...)
DrawCheck = 0
for i in range(0,9):#checks the number of spaces left in the board out of 9 squares, 0-8
if Places[i] == ' ':
DrawCheck = DrawCheck + 1
if DrawCheck == 0:#if there are no squares...
GameWon = 'Draw'
return GameWon, Type#returns True, False or 'Draw' and Type (who won, NONE if else)
def Start():
print("Noughts and Crosses")
print("1 - Play Single Player, against the Computer")
print("2 - Play Multiplayer with a friend on the same computer")
print("3 - Play with... oh wait, this isn't right. press 3 to not play at all?")
Choice = input("Please Enter your choice: ")
while Choice not in ['1','2','3']:
Choice = input("Please type 1,2 or 3 as your choice: ")
if Choice == '1':
GameType = "S"
elif Choice == '2':
GameType = "M"
else:
print("\nComputer v Computer it is...\n")
GameType = "Computer v Computer"
if GameType in ["S","M"]:
Places = ['1','2','3',#for the initial board - to show the player which key relates to which position
'4','5','6',
'7','8','9']#flipped as Key-Pads are flipped
print("This is how the Board is layed Out (Key-Pad use recommended)")
PrintBoard(Places)
Places = [' ',' ',' ',
' ',' ',' ',
' ',' ',' ']
if GameType not in["S","M"]:
PrintBoard(Places)
sleep(1)
Type = choice(['X','O'])#more effective than randint
WinningType, GameWon = PlayRoundSingle(Places, Type, GameType)
#waiting for game to end...
if GameWon == True:#if you win...
print(WinningType, "Wins!")
else:#if you draw... (will not get to this stage is GameWon is False, as will stay in the loop
print("Draw!")
#starts here...
PlayAgain = 'yes'
while PlayAgain in ["Yes","yes","y","Y"]:
Start()
PlayAgain = input("Do You want to play again? Y/es or N/o: ")
print()
#quit()
Classes Version
from random import *
from time import *
class Play:
def __init__(self):#Menu - maybe shouldn't be an initialiser
#self in brackets but not used, i know, it's icky... but it works
print("Noughts and Crosses")
print("1 - Play Single Player, against the Computer")
print("2 - Play Multiplayer with a friend on the same computer")
print("3 - Play with... oh wait, this isn't right. press 3 to not play at all?")
Play.Choice = input("Please Enter your Choice: ")
while Play.Choice not in ['1','2','3']:
Play.Choice = input("Please type 1,2 or 3 as your Choice: ")
if Play.Choice == '1':
Play.GameType = "S"
elif Play.Choice == '2':
Play.GameType = "M"
else:
print("\nComputer v Computer it is...\n")
Play.GameType = "Computer v Computer" # not actally reffered to directly, so can be anything
Board()
Play.Type = choice(['X','O'])#more effective than randint
Play.Round()
#waiting for game to end...
if Play.GameWon == True:#if you win...
print(Play.WinningType, "Wins!")
else:#if you draw... (will not get to this stage is GameWon is False, as will stay in the loop
print("Draw!")
PlayAgain = input("Do you want to play again? Y/es or N/o: ")
if PlayAgain in ["Yes", "yes", "y", "Y"]:
print()
Play()
def Round():
Play.GameWon = False
while not Play.GameWon:#loops until someone wins
if Play.GameType in ["S","M"]:
Play.Move()
Play.CheckWin()
Play.ChangeType()
if Play.GameType != "M" and Play.GameWon == False:# If Single Player and the Game has not been Won...
print(Play.Type+"'s Go...")#Computers Go!
sleep(1)
Computer.GetComputersChoice()
Play.CheckWin()
Play.ChangeType()
def Move():
Play.VerifyPosition()#asks for your square,verifies, then moves
Board.PrintBoard()#shows the board
def ChangeType():
if Play.Type == 'X':
Play.Type = 'O'
else:
Play.Type = 'X'
def VerifyPosition():
Valid = False
print(Play.Type+"'s Go...")#O's Go... / X's Go...
while not Valid:
Position = input("Please type where you wish to place: ")
while Position.isdigit() == False or int(Position) > 9 or int(Position) <= 0:#Ensures the player does not type an incorrect location to place in
Position = input("Please type a valid integer between 1 and 9: ")
Play.Position = int(Position)
if Board.Places[Play.Position-1] == 'X' or Board.Places[Play.Position-1] == 'O':#9 on the keypad would refer to index 8, as starts from 0 but keypad starts at 1
Valid = False
print("That is an invalid square, please try again ")
else:
Valid = True
Board.Places[Play.Position-1] = Play.Type#lists start at 0, inputs start at 1, hence -1
#the board is layed out identical to a Computer's Key-Pad, hence starting at 1 and not 0, requiring -1 to the positional index
def CheckWin():
if ((Board.Places[0]== Play.Type) and (Board.Places[1] == Play.Type) and (Board.Places[2] == Play.Type)) or (
(Board.Places[3]== Play.Type) and (Board.Places[4] == Play.Type) and (Board.Places[5] == Play.Type)) or (
(Board.Places[6]== Play.Type) and (Board.Places[7] == Play.Type) and (Board.Places[8] == Play.Type)) or (
#Row Check^^^^^^^
(Board.Places[0]== Play.Type) and (Board.Places[3] == Play.Type) and (Board.Places[6] == Play.Type)) or (
(Board.Places[1]== Play.Type) and (Board.Places[4] == Play.Type) and (Board.Places[7] == Play.Type)) or (
(Board.Places[2]== Play.Type) and (Board.Places[5] == Play.Type) and (Board.Places[8] == Play.Type)) or (
#Column Check^^^^
(Board.Places[0]== Play.Type) and (Board.Places[4] == Play.Type) and (Board.Places[8] == Play.Type)) or (
(Board.Places[2]== Play.Type) and (Board.Places[4] == Play.Type) and (Board.Places[6] == Play.Type)):
#Diagonal Check^^
Play.WinningType = Play.Type
Play.GameWon = True
if Play.GameWon != True:#if no one wins (potentially on the last go...)
DrawCheck = 0
for i in range(0,9):#checks the number of spaces left in the board out of 9 squares, 0-8
if Board.Places[i] == ' ':
DrawCheck = DrawCheck + 1
if DrawCheck == 0:#if there are no squares...
Play.GameWon = 'Draw'
class Computer:
def GetComputersChoice():
Computer.FindEmptySpaces()
Computer.ComputerMove()
Board.PrintBoard() # Prints the Board
def FindEmptySpaces():
Computer.EmptySpaces = []
for i in range(0,9):#goes through all spaces on the board...
if Board.Places[i] == ' ': #Finds empty spaces...
Computer.EmptySpaces.append(i) # Adds them to a list for future reference
def ComputerMove():
Computer.Change = False
OriginalType = Play.Type # prevents placing down the opponent's piece when checking for a BLOCK
for j in range(0,2):#Checks each space twice, FIRST to see if there is a winning move, THEN to check if they can block the opponent
for i in range(0,len(Computer.EmptySpaces)):#check the space to see FIRST if two friendly pieces are in line for a win, THEN check if you can block an opponent, IF NEITHER, radomise
if not Computer.Change: # If no change has happened (prevents re-checking after a space has been found)
Computer.CheckComputerWin((Computer.EmptySpaces[i])) # checks to see whether the computer can cause a three-in-a-row... or prevent one
if Computer.Change: # If there is a change...
Board.Places[Computer.EmptySpaces[i]] = OriginalType # Fills in the space
Play.Type = OriginalType
return
Play.ChangeType() #switches the type, to see if any draws are available AFTER checking for wins
Play.Type = OriginalType
Board.Places[choice(Computer.EmptySpaces)] = OriginalType # If no places were found to have a effect, randomize the location...
def CheckComputerWin(SpaceToCheck):
if (SpaceToCheck in [6,3,0] and Board.Places[SpaceToCheck + 1] == Play.Type and Board.Places[SpaceToCheck + 2] == Play.Type) or (#Left Side Checks |
SpaceToCheck in [7,4,1] and Board.Places[SpaceToCheck + 1] == Play.Type and Board.Places[SpaceToCheck - 1] == Play.Type) or (#Central Column check | Horizontal Checks
SpaceToCheck in [8,5,2] and Board.Places[SpaceToCheck - 1] == Play.Type and Board.Places[SpaceToCheck - 2] == Play.Type) or (#Right Side Check |
SpaceToCheck in [6,7,8] and Board.Places[SpaceToCheck - 3] == Play.Type and Board.Places[SpaceToCheck - 6] == Play.Type) or (#Top Row Check |
SpaceToCheck in [5,4,3] and Board.Places[SpaceToCheck - 3] == Play.Type and Board.Places[SpaceToCheck + 3] == Play.Type) or (#Middle Row Check | Vertical Checks
SpaceToCheck in [2,1,0] and Board.Places[SpaceToCheck + 3] == Play.Type and Board.Places[SpaceToCheck + 6] == Play.Type) or (#Bottom Row Check |
SpaceToCheck == 0 and Board.Places[SpaceToCheck + 4] == Play.Type and Board.Places[SpaceToCheck + 8] == Play.Type) or ( #Bottom Left |
SpaceToCheck == 2 and Board.Places[SpaceToCheck + 2] == Play.Type and Board.Places[SpaceToCheck + 4] == Play.Type) or ( #Bottom Right | Diagonal
SpaceToCheck == 6 and Board.Places[SpaceToCheck - 2] == Play.Type and Board.Places[SpaceToCheck - 4] == Play.Type) or ( #Top Left | Checks
SpaceToCheck == 8 and Board.Places[SpaceToCheck - 4] == Play.Type and Board.Places[SpaceToCheck - 8] == Play.Type) or ( #Top Right |
SpaceToCheck == 4 and ((Board.Places[SpaceToCheck + 2] == Play.Type and Board.Places[SpaceToCheck - 2] == Play.Type) or ( # Centre Piece, | Top-Left to Bottom-Right | Diagonal
Board.Places[SpaceToCheck + 4] == Play.Type and Board.Places[SpaceToCheck - 4] == Play.Type))): # Centre Piece, | Top-Right to Bottom-Left | Checks
Computer.Change = True
class Board:
def __init__(self):
if Play.GameType in ["S", "M"]:
Board.Places = ['1','2','3',#for the initial board - to show the player which key relates to which position
'4','5','6',
'7','8','9']#flipped as Key-Pads are flipped
print("This is how the Board is layed Out (Key-Pad use recommended)")
Board.PrintBoard()
Board.Places = [' ',' ',' ',
' ',' ',' ',
' ',' ',' ']
if Play.GameType not in ["S","M"]:
Board.PrintBoard()
sleep(1)
def PrintBoard(): #Prints the Board, mirrors a laptop's keypad
print('',Board.Places[6],'|',Board.Places[7],'|',Board.Places[8],'')
print('---|---|---')
print('',Board.Places[3],'|',Board.Places[4],'|',Board.Places[5],'')
print('---|---|---')
print('',Board.Places[0],'|',Board.Places[1],'|',Board.Places[2],'')
print()#empty line at the bottom to make room for further prompts
Play()
