Read the source
Since you've already identified the author, why not read the original paper?
Some misconceptions
In fact, the numbers found by Elkies were not the ones cited in the question. They were found by Roger Frye using a computer. How did he do that back in 1988? It's mentioned in the paper:
Postscript.
While our first counterexample
$$(A, B, C;D) = (2682440,15365639,18796760; 20615673)$$ to Euler's conjecture still seems beyond the range of reasonable exhaustive computer search, there remained the possibility that smaller solutions may be found by such a search. Shortly after hearing of the first solution, Roger Frye of Thinking Machines Corporation asked whether it was minimal; I did not know, but suggested how one might exhaustively search for smaller solutions: eliminating common factors and permuting \$A\$, \$B\$, \$C\$ if necessary, we may take \$D\$ odd and not divisible by 5, and \$C < D\$ such that \$D^4 - C^4\$ is divisible by 625 and satisfies several other congruence and divisibility properties, and for each such \$D\$ and \$C\$ look for a representation of \$D^4 — C^4\$ as \$A^4 + B^4\$ with \$A\$, \$B\$ divisible by 5. Frye translated this into a computer program and ran it on various Connection Machines for about 100 hours to find the minimal counterexample to Euler's conjecture: $$95800^4 + 217519^4 + 414560^4 = 422481^4.$$ He continued the search and found that this solution is unique in the range \$D < 10^6\$. This solution appears on the parameterization (6) with \$(m, n) = (20,-9)\$. We include Frye's result with his permission.
Source: Elkies, Noam D. "On \$A^4+B^4+C^4=D^4\$." Mathematics of Computation (1988): 825-835.
For those unfamiliar with the late great Thinking Machines Corporation, it was a company in the 1980s and 1990s that produced massively parallel computers.
Taken together, these hints suggest that a multithreaded approach using an exhaustive search with these number theoretic tests should definitely be doable on modern machines in the range of dayshours rather than years.